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#1, Sovereignty: Sovereignty means to have supreme power and overall authority. If you are sovereign, that basically means that you have overall authority over a specific place or thing. For example, I am sovereign over my books. Another on is, God is the Supreme Sovereign over the whole universe. Now, I used the term Supreme Sovereign because he is number one in the universe. Now, how does sovereignty fit into family government? One example is the dad is sovereign over the household, or the mom is sovereign over her stuff. There are a lot of examples of sovereignty in family government.

#2, Hierarchy: Another word for hierarchy is authority. A hierarchy is basically a system or organization in which people are ranked above others, and those people are ranked above others, etc. An example of this is my Trail Life troop. This is kind of like Boy Scouts, but different in a lot of ways. We have a hierarchy of First Officer, then Second Officer, then Quartermaster, then Junior Patrol Leaders, etc. In family government, the dad is above the mom, the mom is above the kids, etc. So you can see that hierarchy is present in pretty much every family government.

#3, Law: Laws are a system of rules established by a specific group or organization and are seen as regulating the actions of its members. Laws are everywhere in the world and govern almost every aspect of life. Every single type of government has at least some rules. There are lots of laws in a family government. Some common ones are “Do your chores”, “Do your homework”, etc. Some governments use people to enforce the laws. Family government may have the dad or the mom enforcing their rules, while other types of governments may use police officers to enforce the laws.

#4, Sanctions: Sanctions are basically ‘what I get if I obey the laws of the government’. Sanctions can be either good or bad. For some governments if you break the law you have to go to jail, or pay a fine, etc. But, if you obey the law, really nothing ever happens. But in family government, if you break the rules, you might have to get a spanking, get grounded, sent to bed with no dinner, etc. However, if you obey the rules, you may be able to go to a friend’s house, play your video games, earn some candy, etc.

#5, Succession: According to Google, succession is “the action or process of inheriting a title, office, property, etc.” So basically, succession means to be ‘ranked up’ in a government or something. In several governments, people get ‘ranked up’ all the time. In family government, a child might be ‘ranked up’ to dad when he gets married and has a child of his own, and the father becomes ‘ranked up’ to grandfather, and the grandfather becomes ‘ranked up’ to great-grandfather, etc. Succession also means to inherit something, like some old tools, or you might inherit a piece of property that someone had.

According to Wikipedia, “Martin Luther OSA was a German priest, theologian, author, hymnwriter, and professor. A former Augustinian friar, he is best known as the seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation and the namesake of Lutheranism. Luther was ordained to the priesthood in 1507.” He was born on November 10, 1483 in Eisleben, Germany, and died on February 18, 1546 in Eisleben Germany. Some people say that he was one of the most influential figures in the history of Christianity, and I believe them.

An interesting story about Martin Luther. One day, he was I think taking a walk, and he was caught in this huge storm, and he did not think that he would make it out alive. So he prayed to St. Anne saying that if he survived this, he promised that he would become a monk. Now, in these days it was thought that if you prayed to a dead, great Saint, that the Saint would bring the matter to God and God would decide what to do. In this case, it was St. Anne that Luther prayed to. Well, he did survive the storm and fulfilled his promise to St. Anne and became a monk.

Martin Luther wrote a series of arguments against the institution of indulgences within the church called the 95 Theses. Now, Luther was completely opposed to the selling of indulgences (paying the Church to have your sins forgiven) and he officially claimed that the pope was as well opposed to the idea of selling indulgences. He claimed that the Hierarchy of the Church was corrupt for not intervening in the talk of the indulgence salesmen, but also that the pope had no idea what was going on and had no idea of the misconduct that was occurring, therefore he is innocent. Luther claimed that he was trying to save the pope from slander, but really, it was Luther that was slandering the pope! Here’s how. Starting from theses 82, Luther raises a series of embarrassing rhetorical questions about the pope. These questions make the pope look like not a nice guy. It is evident that apparently, Luther was not trying to save the pope from slander, but it was Luther that was slandering the pope. He is basically accusing the pope of the same things that he accused the Church Hierarchy of. He says that the pope is more interested in money than in saving souls, and where does he get this money? The indulgences, paying the church to have your sins forgiven. The pope does not care about saving people (even though he is really not saving anybody because the people are basically buying their way into heaven, and it does not work that way) as long as he gets money from the indulgences.

Apparently, Luther thought that the Church Hierarchy and the pope were both corrupt. Now, you may be thinking, “Well, if Luther knew that the pope was corrupt as well as the Church Hierarchy, then why did he try to make it seem like the pope was innocent?” Good question, and the answer is that he tried to make the pope seem innocent at first so that his arguments would not seem so defiant and radical.

Overall, I think that Luther believed that Pope Leo X knew what the indulgence salesmen were saying.

How would you describe the condition of the Catholic Church on the eve of the Protestant Reformation? According to History, the Protestant Reformation was “the 16th-century religious, political, intellectual and cultural upheaval that splintered Catholic Europe, setting in place the structures and beliefs that would define the continent in the modern era.”

During this time there was a rise in High Masses, literary works being published, people listening to famous preachers, and pilgrimages. But, some of the things that these people did were not all good. During this time, the wars were savage, there were executions which were not uncommon, and people would be tortured for months and then killed.

The conditions in the Church itself was worse. Church members were preforming immoral conduct, they collected money from the public, and there was a lot of clerical ignorance because there were no seminaries to teach the preachers.

Above all, the Church was in desperate need for a reform, but it was not until the sixteenth century that reformation would at last arrive.

What were the Ninety-Five Theses about? What was the basic message of Luther’s complaint? According to Wikipedia, “The Ninety-five Theses or Disputation on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences is a list of propositions for an academic disputation written in 1517 by Martin Luther, professor of moral theology at the University of Wittenberg, at the time controlled by the Electorate of Saxony.” Basically, the message he was trying to get across is that, according to History, “In his theses, Luther condemned the excesses and corruption of the Roman Catholic Church, especially the papal practice of asking payment—called “indulgences”—for the forgiveness of sins.” I am just going to say, paying for forgiveness for your sins is so dumb. Why pay for it when you can just do it for free? I think that this is one of the reasons that Luther was so against indulgences.

Is the family a legitimate form of government? Let us begin with the question “What is a legitimate form of government?” According to Dictionary.com, a legitimate form of government is “A government generally acknowledged as being in control of a nation and deserving formal recognition, which is symbolized by the exchange of diplomats between that government and the governments of other countries.” Basically, a legitimate form of government is a government being in control of a specific nation or area. According to Wikipedia, a government is “the system or group of people governing an organized community, generally a state.” What I think a government is, is that it is a group of people hired by the state to protect the state. People that can be part of the government could be the police, the president, etc.

So, is the family a legitimate form of government? If a legitimate form of government is a government being in control of a specific nation or area, I would say that yes, a family is a legitimate form of government. A family is a legitimate form of government because the family is in control of each other, it is in control of the place they live in, and they are in control of all the things that the family owns. Now, the family is a very small type of legitimate government, but it is a form of legitimate government. Usually, this type of government has the father in control of everyone else, he is the “boss” of the house and everyone in it. The mother comes next, and then the kids (if there are any).

In this English 2 course, I have been learning about western literature for the past one hundred and eighty days! In this course, the western literature I have been learning about are specific literary books, like Boccaccio’s Decameron and Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales, literature from a specific civilization, like Greek literature and Roman literature and Hebrew literature, literature from a specific religion, like Christian literature, and literature from a specific time period, like medieval literature.

Boccaccio’s Decameron: The Decameron, according to Wikipedia, is “subtitled Prince Galehaut and sometimes nicknamed l’Umana commedia, is a collection of short stories by the 14th-century Italian author Giovanni Boccaccio. The book is structured as a frame story containing 100 tales told by a group of seven young women and three young men; they shelter in a secluded villa just outside Florence in order to escape the Black Death, which was afflicting the city.” This book was written in 1353. Is was a piece of Renaissance literature, and it was very popular at the time. This tale tells of ten people who fled their home because of the Black Death and searched for a new home. They found an old abandoned castle to live in and in order to keep themselves entertained, they told each other stories. These stories are the basis of the book.

Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales: According to Wikipedia, “The Canterbury Tales is a collection of twenty-four stories that runs to over 17,000 lines written in Middle English by Geoffrey Chaucer between 1387 and 1400. It is widely regarded as Chaucer’s magnum opus.” One of these stories, the Pardoner’s Tale, I wrote an essay on earlier in the English 2 course if you want to check it out.

Greek literature: According to Wikipedia, “Greek literature dates back from the ancient Greek literature, beginning in 800 BC, to the modern Greek literature of today. Ancient Greek literature was written in an Ancient Greek dialect, literature ranges from the oldest surviving written works until works from approximately the fifth century AD.” Among the Greek literature we see the epic poems The Iliad and The Odyssey. These poems were written by Homer. Two other works are Theogony and Works and Days, both of these written by Hesiod.

Roman literature: According to the World History Encyclopedia, “The Roman Empire and its predecessor the Roman Republic produced an abundance of celebrated literature; poetry, comedies, dramas, histories, and philosophical tracts; the Romans avoided tragedies. Much of it survives to this day.” Some Roman works are The Rise of Rome by Livy, On the Nature of the Universe by Lucretius, and Meditations by Marcus Aurelius.

Hebrew literature: According to Wikipedia, “Hebrew literature consists of ancient, medieval, and modern writings in the Hebrew language. It is one of the primary forms of Jewish literature, though there have been cases of literature written in Hebrew by non-Jews… Works of rabbinic literature were more often written in Hebrew, including: Torah commentaries by Abraham ibn Ezra, Rashi and others; codifications of Jewish law, such as Maimonides’ Mishneh Torah, the Arba’ah Turim, and the Shulchan Aruch; and works of Musar literature (didactic ethical literature) such as Bahya ibn Paquda’s Chovot ha-Levavot (The Duties of the Heart).”

Christian literature: According to Wikipedia, “Christian literature is the literary aspect of Christian media, and it constitutes a huge body of extremely varied writing.” Some amazing examples of Christian literature are Christian books. Here are some great examples: The Imitation of Christ by Thomas à Kempis, Mere Christianity by C.S. Lewis, The Confessions of St. Augustine by St. Augustine and John K. Ryan, and Knowing God by J.I. Packer. Some of these books were written not long ago, but Christian literature is Christian literature, no matter how old it is.

Medieval literature: According to Wikipedia, “Medieval literature is a broad subject, encompassing essentially all written works available in Europe and beyond during the Middle Ages. The literature of this time was composed of religious writings as well as secular works.” Some Medieval literature is The Divine Comedy by Dante, Travels by Marco Polo, and The Mabinogion by Anonymous.

The Greeks were polytheistic, which means that they thought that their lives were controlled by their Greek gods. The Olympian gods, household gods, gods of the city, all of them. However, the Greek gods did not always agree. There were usually conflicts between the Gods, and ultimately, man was just another ‘chess piece on a chessboard’. The Roman worldview was based on Greece’s worldview, however, the Roman gods tended to be politically-based. But again, men were just another ‘chess piece on a chessboard’. The Hebrews worldview was based upon the Biblical Old Testament. They believed in one sovereign God as the Creator of everything. The Christian literature was mostly concurrent with Roman literature in the course. The authors of Christian literature supported the sovereignty of God in contrast to the Roman gods. Medieval literature also recognized God’s complete sovereignty. It gave special importance to hierarchical obedience.

Are Boccaccio’s Decameron and Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales closer in outlook to Greek and Roman literature than they are to Hebrew, Christian, and medieval literature?

Boccaccio’s Decameron and Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales are both written after the Black Death (According to Wikipedia, “The Black Death was a bubonic plague pandemic occurring in Western Eurasia and North Africa from 1346 to 1353. It is the most fatal pandemic recorded in human history, causing the death of 75–200 million people, peaking in Europe from 1347 to 1351.”) and showed just how radically Europe changed. Europe was completely change because of the Black Death. In the stories, when the Black Death hit, many people were part of the Catholic Church and began to lose faith in the Church and even gave up on life itself. Many people tried their best to keep their distance from the plague, but nothing helped.

Both of these works showed not a single trace nor sign of a sovereign God, but instead they actually attacked the corrupt hierarchies of the Church and also the state. These books reflected the loss of hope in people. Basically, the Church lost its influence in people and eternal succession was barely mentioned in these two stories.

So, I would say that this is closer to Greek and Roman literature, although you can say otherwise.

The author of the Pardoner’s Tale was Geoffrey Chaucer. According to Wikipedia, “Geoffrey Chaucer was an English poet, author, and civil servant best known for The Canterbury Tales. He has been called the “father of English literature”, or, alternatively, the “father of English poetry”. He was the first writer to be buried in what has since come to be called Poets’ Corner, in Westminster Abbey.” He was born in 1340 London, United Kingdom, and died on October 25, 1400, London, United Kingdom. His greatest known work is a book called The Canterbury Tales. The Canterbury Tales contains twenty-four stories, one of which is the Pardoner’s Tale. The Pardoner’s Tale will be the story my essay is based off of today. These stories are all of the genre of poetry and were originally written in Middle English. These stories took from 1387 to 1400 to write, thirteen years.

The Pardoner’s Tale, according to Wikipedia, “is one of The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer. In the order of the Tales, it comes after The Physician’s Tale and before The Shipman’s Tale; it is prompted by the Host’s desire to hear something positive after the physician’s depressing tale.” This story is one of the twenty-four stories in the Canterbury Tales, a book written by Geoffrey Chaucer.

The story of the Pardoner’s Tale tells of three drunken revelers who try to seek out Death and destroy it after one of their friends died. During their quest to find Death they come across an old man. The old man tells the three men that Death can be found under a particular oak tree in a particular grove. The three men seek out this tree. Once they find the oak tree, they do not find Death under it, but rather gold florins (coins). Two of the friends plot to kill the other as to have more money fore themselves. After they do kill their friend, the other two become drunk on wine that the already dead friend had poisoned earlier, and as such, the remaining two died. Geoffrey Chaucer ends this story with florid rhetoric against the wickedness of blasphemy, gluttony, and gamboling.

This story clearly shows the Bible verse 1 Timothy 6:10, “For the love of money is the root of all evil: which while some coveted after, they have erred from the faith, and pierced themselves through with many sorrows.” ‘The love of money is the root of all evil’ statement is clearly shown in the end of this story, by the friends killing each other over money. Obviously, the ‘love of money’ got to them and showed itself by the friends killing each other; I mean their friends for crying out loud! They would not kill each other unless something got to them, in this case, the love of money.

The old man in this story could possibly be Death knowing that as soon as they found the gold they would kill each other over it. Or, the old man could be an ally to Death, doing Death’s bidding by sending them to the tree to die. Either way, the old man was evil, and either an ally to Death, or Death himself.

The Decameron, according to Wikipedia, is “subtitled Prince Galehaut and sometimes nicknamed l’Umana commedia, is a collection of short stories by the 14th-century Italian author Giovanni Boccaccio. The book is structured as a frame story containing 100 tales told by a group of seven young women and three young men; they shelter in a secluded villa just outside Florence in order to escape the Black Death, which was afflicting the city.” This book was written in 1353. Is was a piece of Renaissance literature, and it was very popular at the time.

The plague in the title is the devastating Black Death, which ravaged Europe from 1347 to 1351. One-third of Europe’s population died from the plague. According to Wikipedia, “It is the most fatal pandemic recorded in human history, causing the death of 75–200 million people, peaking in Europe from 1347 to 1351.”

Boccaccio’s book the Decameron goes like this: Boccaccio tells a story of seven noble ladies in a church. They are having a conversation. The oldest of them, a woman named Pampinea, declares that they should leave the city and find a place of solitude where they can live apart from the world. The other six agree. They find three men willing to go with them. Together, the ten of them, plus their servants, leave the city and try to find a suitable place to live. Two miles out of town, they find an abandoned castle, in fairly good condition. It is there that they decided to live. In order to entertain themselves, they each tell stories. It is these stories that are in the title.

Which do you think was more gripping to read from the Decameron? The account of the Black Death’s cause for so many deaths and destruction throughout Europe, or the stories that the ten people tell each other in order to keep themselves entertained. personally, I like the stories better. They really are entertaining, they have morals to them, and I like to read stories. One such story is quoted by a person named Pamfilo, one of the original ten. This is the story:

Pamfilo’s story tells of a merchant who hires a wicked person to bring back money that is rightfully the merchants, so the criminal sets out on his mission. While on his mission and was staying with two money lenders when he became deathly ill. One day, while he was sick, the criminal heard his hosts talking about what to do with him. They could not kick him out lest they be criticized, they could not bring in a priest to hear his confession because he probably would not confess, but they could not not bring in a priest because if word gets around that they let an evil person into their house they might still be criticized. So the criminal told them to bring him the most holy man they could find, and they did. The criminal told the holy man that he was also very holy. When the criminal died, the people made him a saint.

The main idea of this story is that sometimes good people have error in judgement and they make someone their advocate who is actually just evil. I just really like these stories.

What is the truth of the matter regarding the claim that people in the Middle Ages thought the earth was flat? The myth that medieval people thought that the Earth was flat and believed that going to far out at sea would result in falling off of the edge of the world is false. While Columbus was preparing to make his voyage across the world, you may have heard that he faced opposition because of people believing that the earth was flat and that he would fall of the edge. This is only partly true. Yes, he did face opposition, but not because people thought that the earth was flat (people knew that the earth was round), but rather that people thought that the earth was very large and Columbus would run out of supplies before he could make it around to Asia.

What do you think is the central point of the essay you read by Mario Vargas Llosa? In this essay, he recounts the events that lead to conquering of natives of the ‘New World’. The natives were actually an amazing people. They were captured by ridiculously small armies. How? Well, the natives have never seen firearms or bullets before. And they also have never seen horses before, so they must have thought that the gods were attacking them. But still, this was not the reason for their capture. Once the guys in charge on the native’s side were captured, the natives just stopped fighting. The native population decreased because of because of war, diseases, and slavery, from 25 million in 1492 to 730,000 in 1620.

Giovanni was an important Renaissance humanist, poet, Italian writer, and correspondent of Petrarch. According to Wikipedia, “Some scholars (including Vittore Branca) define him as the greatest European prose writer of his time, a versatile writer who amalgamated different literary trends and genres, making them converge in original works, thanks to a creative activity exercised under the banner of experimentalism.” He was born on June 16, 1313 in the city of Certaldo, Italy, and died on December 21, 1375 in the same city in which he was born. Among his works was a collection of short stories called The Decameron. The Decameron will be the story in the title “Why did Boccaccio have the first story teller invoke God?”

The Decameron, according to Wikipedia, is “subtitled Prince Galehaut and sometimes nicknamed l’Umana commedia, is a collection of short stories by the 14th-century Italian author Giovanni Boccaccio. The book is structured as a frame story containing 100 tales told by a group of seven young women and three young men; they shelter in a secluded villa just outside Florence in order to escape the Black Death, which was afflicting the city.” This book was written in 1353. Is was a piece of Renaissance literature, and it was very popular at the time.

The Black Death was a plague that ravaged Europe from 1347 to 1351. One-third of Europe’s population died from the plague. According to Wikipedia, “It is the most fatal pandemic recorded in human history, causing the death of 75–200 million people, peaking in Europe from 1347 to 1351.”

Boccaccio tells a story of seven noble ladies in a church. They are having a conversation. The oldest of them, a woman named Pampinea, declares that they should leave the city and find a place of solitude where they can live apart from the world. The other six agree. They find three men willing to go with them. Together, the ten of them, plus their servants, leave the city and try to find a suitable place to live. Two miles out of town, they find an abandoned castle, in fairly good condition. It is there that they decided to live. In order to entertain themselves, they each tell stories. The first story teller, Pamfilo, is the one whose story I will be talking about.

Pamfilo says that God’s grace visited them because God is a good God and they were faithful to him. However, sometimes good people have error in judgement and they make someone their advocate who is actually just evil. Pamfilo’s story tells of a merchant who hires a wicked person to bring back money that is rightfully the merchants, so the criminal sets out on his mission. While on his mission and was staying with two money lenders when he became deathly ill. One day, while he was sick, the criminal heard his hosts talking about what to do with him. They could not kick him out lest they be criticized, they could not bring in a priest to hear his confession because he probably would not confess, but they could not not bring in a priest because if word gets around that they let an evil person into their house they might still be criticized. So the criminal told them to bring him the most holy man they could find, and they did. The criminal told the holy man that he was also very holy. When the criminal died, the people made him a saint.

The true message of Boccaccio’s stories was a rebellion against Christianity and a thought structure completely against the moral order enforced by God and Christian institutions.

#1: Argon and Castile brought together. In the year 1469, Ferdinand, heir to the throne of Argon, marries Isabella, heiress to the throne of Castile. Ten years later, the two Crowns are united and a strong government is formed.

#2: Conquest of Granada brings reconquista to an end. Ferdinand and Isabella wanted to revive the reconquista. When a Moorish outpost called Granada refused to pay tribute to Spain, Ferdinand and Isabella demanded that Granada resume to pay tribute. However, when Granada refused many number of times, Spain decides to take it over in the year 1481. Many settlements outside Granada fall to the Spanish, but Granada holds on. The Siege of Granada begins in 1491. Over some time, Granada finally capitulates and the “war” is over.

#3: Spanish Inquisition. The reason for the Spanish Inquisition was to maintain Catholicism inside the two kingdoms of Argon and Castile, but they did this through brutal methods. There were a lot of Jews in Spain, but Spain forced the Jews to do things that the Jews did not want to do. Spain was mainly trying to convert the Jews to Catholicism. For example, forced baptisms, forced to sit in a Christian service, etc. Over time, there was a Jewish Massacre that happened and a lot of people died. Eventually, all non-converted Jews were to leave Spain. A lot of Jews had to make their way to many surrounding territories. It was also the same for Arabs.